Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,131
US: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

ابن بطوطة

"Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Jerry Bently, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century By Ross E.

ابن بطوطة
Leften Stavros Stavrianos, The world to 1500: a global history, Prentice-Hall, 1970 , p
ابن بطوطة
Peter Teed 1992 , p
تعريف بأنس بن مالك
Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p
Dunn University of California Press, 1986 ,245 Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic

تعريف بأنس بن مالك

The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol.

1
سنن الرسول المهجورة
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632
محمد
See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p
ابن بطوطة
5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account
Gibb London: Broadway House, 1929 p
El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p 137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th Centuries, BRILL, 2002 , p

تعريف بأنس بن مالك

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama, Cambridge University Press: 1998 , pp.

20
ابن بطوطة
Extracts are available on the
محمد
sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later
ابن بطوطة
Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence