| The ratio of the sum of imports and exports to the GDP were considered as an index of trade openness | The Johansen test reveled that there are three long term relations among the variables of this study |
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| Based on the findings, the higher the level of agricultural trade openness goes, the more the import shares of agriculture and service sectors in the long run are | " By using Linear Dynamic Logit model based on the equations of fuel and SURE to investigate inter-fuel substitution through four fuels including oil, gas, coal and electricity represent that the electricity and gas is the most intensive in short and long-term alternative to oil |
Furthermore, agricultural trade liberalization has caused the exports of both agricultural products and services to decline in the short term.
| Dynamic translog and linear logit models: A factor demand analysis of interfuel substitution in us iindustrial energy demand | To figure out interactions, the vector correction model was used |
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| Part of an ESRC research project at the Centre for Economic Forecasting entitled Macroeconomic Modelling and Policy Analysis in a Changing World grant no |
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